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Greylisting (or graylisting) is a method of defending e-mail users against spam. A mail transfer agent (MTA) using greylisting will "temporarily reject" any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate the originating server will, after a delay, try again and, if sufficient time has elapsed, the email will be accepted. If the mail is from a spam sender, sending to many thousands of email addresses, it will probably not be retried.
Contents

* 1 How it works
* 2 Why it works
* 3 Advantages
* 4 Disadvantages
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] How it works

Typically, a server employing greylisting will record the three pieces of data known as a "triplet" for each incoming mail message:

* The IP address of the connecting host
* The envelope sender address
* The envelope recipient address(es)


The temporary rejection can be issued at different stages of the SMTP dialogue, allowing an implementation to store more or less data about the incoming message. The trade-off is more work and bandwidth for more exact matching of retries with original messages[1]. Rejecting a message after its content has been received allows the server to store a choice of headers and/or a hash of the message body.

In practice, most greylisting systems do not require an exact match on the IP address and the sender address. Because large senders often have a pool of machines that can send (and resend) email, IP addresses that have the most-significant 24 bits (/24) the same are treated as equivalent, or in some cases SPF records are used to determine the sending pool. Similarly, some e-mail systems use unique per-message return-paths, for example variable envelope return path for mailing lists, Sender Rewriting Scheme for forwarded e-mail, Bounce Address Tag Validation for backscatter protection , etc. If an exact match on the sender address is required, every e-mail from such systems will be delayed. Some greylisting systems try to avoid this delay by eliminating the variable parts of the VERP by using only the sender domain and the beginning of the local-part of the sender address.
[edit] Why it works

Greylisting is effective because many mass email tools used by spammers will not bother to retry a failed delivery, so the spam is never delivered. A spam sender may retry with a different sender, and possibly a different message, because it has a queue of victims rather than the proper queue of messages that regular mail servers maintain.

In addition, if a spammer does retry a delivery after the waiting period has expired, any one of a number of automated spamtraps will have had a good chance of identifying the spam source and listing both the source and the particular message in their databases. Thus, these subsequent attempts are more likely to be detected as spam by other mechanisms than they were before the greylisting delay.
[edit] Advantages

The main advantage from the users' point of view is that greylisting requires no additional configuration from their end. If the server utilizing greylisting is configured appropriately, the end user will only notice a delay on the first message from a given sender, so long as the sending email server is identified as belonging to the same whitelisted group as earlier messages. If mail from the same sender is repeatedly greylisted it may be worth contacting the mail system administrator with detailed headers of delayed mail.

From a mail administrator's point of view the benefit is twofold. Greylisting takes minimal configuration to get up and running with occasional modifications of any local whitelists. The second benefit is that rejecting email with a temporary 451 error (actual error code is implementation dependent) is very cheap in system resources. Most spam filtering tools are very intensive users of CPU and memory. By stopping spam before it hits filtering processes, far fewer system resources are used. This allows more layers of spam filtering or higher throughput since greylisting can easily be configured as a first line of defense with SpamAssassin etc. handling messages that go through.

Some greylisting packages support a SQL backend which allows for a distributed multiple-server frontend to be deployed with the same greylisting data on all frontends.
[edit] Disadvantages

The biggest disadvantage of greylisting is that it destroys the near-instantaneous nature of email that users have come to expect. Mail from unrecognised senders is delayed by typically about 15 minutes, and up to four hours. A customer of a greylisting ISP can not always rely on getting every email in a pre-determined amount of time.

However, the original specification for email states that it is not a guaranteed delivery mechanism and not an instantaneous delivery mechanism. This means that greylisting is a perfectly legitimate process and does not break any protocols or rules.

If mail from a particular frequent sender is sent from any of several mail servers, mail may be delayed unless the greylisting server recognises the different servers as belonging to the same whitelisted group.

On a technical level, some SMTP clients and SMTP servers acting as clients may interpret the temporary rejection as a permanent failure. Old clients conforming only to the obsolete specification (RFC 821) and ignoring its recommendations may give up on delivery after the first failed attempt—RFC 821 states that clients "should" retry messages rather than using the word "must". RFC 2119 dictates that "should" means recommended and to ignore at your own risk, and it is a violation of the current SMTP standard for the client to fail to retry. The current SMTP specification (RFC 5321) clearly states that "the SMTP client retains responsibility for delivery of that message" (section 4.2.5) and "mail that cannot be transmitted immediately MUST be queued and periodically retried by the sender." (section 4.5.4.1).

This problem can affect SMTP clients in unexpected ways. Most MTAs will queue and retry messages, but a small number do not.[2] A similar concern exists for applications which act as SMTP clients and fail to incorporate any form of queueing for deferred SMTP mail. This can be mitigated on the sending side by configuring the application to use a local SMTP server as an outbound queue, instead of attempting direct delivery. For the server operator who uses greylisting, clients which are known to fail on temporary errors can be supported by whitelisting or exception lists.

Some MTAs, upon encountering the temporary failure message from a greylisting server on the first attempt, will send a warning message back to the original sender of the message.[2] The warning message is not a bounce message, but it is often formatted similarly to one and reads like one. This practice often causes the sender to believe that the message has not been delivered, when in fact the message will be delivered successfully at a later time.


Greylisting delays much of the mail from non-whitelisted mail servers—not just spam—until typical patterns of communication are recorded by the greylisting system. For best results, whitelisting should be used extensively. A static list of public servers worth being whitelisted can be found in the official repository.[clarification needed]

Also, legitimate mail might not get delivered if the retry does not arrive within the time window the greylisting software uses, or if the retry comes from a different IP address than the original attempt. When the source of an email is a server farm or goes out through an anti-spam mail relay service, it is likely that on the retry a server other than the original server will make the next attempt. Since the IP addresses will be different, the recipient's server will fail to recognize that the two attempts are related and refuse the latest connection as well. This can continue until the message ages out of the queue if the number of servers is large enough. Such server farming techniques can be construed as breaking RFCs detailed above since the original sending machine has absolved itself of the responsibility of mail delivery by tossing it back into the pool, which breaks the state of the mail delivery process. This problem can partially be bypassed by identifying and whitelisting such server farms in advance. However, it is not possible on a distributed network the size of the Internet to maintain a complete list of all such server farms.[3]

Greylisting can be a particular nuisance with websites that require an account to be created and the email address confirmed before they can be used. If the sending MTA of the site is poorly configured, greylisting may delay the initial email containing the signup confirmation link, thus introducing a waiting period even though the actual website may have attempted to send out the email confirmation code immediately. Almost all stock-configured Sendmail MTAs (sendmail being the most widely deployed MTA on the internet) will retry after a few minutes, leading to typical delays of under 10 minutes in most cases (still dependent on the greylisting configuration).

Greylisting is particularly effective in many cases at weeding out misconfigured MTAs, and is gaining in popularity as a very effective anti-spam tool. It is likely that those MTAs that do not correctly handle greylisting will become less numerous as greylisting spreads.


Also, if certain details of the sending vary and the receiving MTA is not programmed to notice this, a message may be greylisted eternally and never delivered.
[edit] See also

* Nolisting
* Bandwidth throttling
* Tarpit (networking)

[edit] References

1. ^ John Levine (2005). "Experiences with Greylisting". Second Conference on Email and Anti-Spam. http://www.ceas.cc/papers-2005/120.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
2. ^ a b Evan Harris (21 August 2003). "The Next Step in the Spam Control War: Greylisting". PureMagic Software. http://projects.puremagic.com/greylisting/whitepaper.html. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
3. ^ "Filtering Spam: Combined techniques give best results". Shamrock Software GmbH. December 2007. http://www.shamrock-software.eu/spam.htm#grey. Retrieved 2008-01-09.

[edit] External links

* Greylisting.org: Repository of greylist info
* A greylisting whitepaper by Evan Harris
* A greylisting implementation for netqmail
* Microsoft Exchange Greylisting Problems - Newsgroup Article

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylisting"
Categories: Spam filtering