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Nginx is a lightweight, high performance web server/reverse proxy and e-mail (IMAP/POP3) proxy. It runs on UNIX, GNU/Linux, BSD variants, Mac OS X, Solaris, and Microsoft Windows. According to Netcraft, 6% of all domains on the Internet use nginx webserver. Nginx is one of a handful of servers written to address the C10K problem. Unlike traditional servers, Nginx doesn't rely on threads to handle requests. Instead it uses a much more scalable event-driven (asynchronous) architecture. Nginx powers several high traffic web sites, such as WordPress, Hulu, Github, and SourceForge. This page collects hints how to improve the security of nginx web servers running on Linux or UNIX like operating systems.
Default Config Files and Nginx Port

* /usr/local/nginx/conf/ - The nginx server configuration directory and /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf is main configuration file.
* /usr/local/nginx/html/ - The default document location.
* /usr/local/nginx/logs/ - The default log file location.
* Nginx HTTP default port : TCP 80
* Nginx HTTPS default port : TCP 443

You can test nginx configuration changes as follows:
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
Sample outputs:

the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

To load config changes, type:
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
To stop server, type:
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
#1: Turn On SELinux

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel feature that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies which provides great protection. It can stop many attacks before your system rooted. See how to turn on SELinux for CentOS / RHEL based systems.
Do Boolean Lockdown

Run the getsebool -a command and lockdown system:

getsebool -a | less
getsebool -a | grep off
getsebool -a | grep o

To secure the machine, look at settings which are set to 'on' and change to 'off' if they do not apply to your setup with the help of setsebool command. Set correct SE Linux booleans to maintain functionality and protection. Please note that SELinux adds 2-8% overheads to typical RHEL or CentOS installation.
#2: Allow Minimal Privileges Via Mount Options

Server all your webpages / html / php files via separate partitions. For example, create a partition called /dev/sda5 and mount at the /nginx. Make sure /nginx is mounted with noexec, nodev and nosetuid permissions. Here is my /etc/fstab entry for mounting /nginx:

LABEL=/nginx /nginx ext3 defaults,nosuid,noexec,nodev 1 2

Note you need to create a new partition using fdisk and mkfs.ext3 commands.
#3: Linux /etc/sysctl.conf Hardening

You can control and configure Linux kernel and networking settings via /etc/sysctl.conf.


# Avoid a smurf attack
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Turn on protection for bad icmp error messages
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Turn on syncookies for SYN flood attack protection
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Turn on and log spoofed, source routed, and redirect packets
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

# No source routed packets here
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Turn on reverse path filtering
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Make sure no one can alter the routing tables
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0

# Don't act as a router
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0

# Turn on execshild
kernel.exec-shield = 1
kernel.randomize_va_space = 1

# Tuen IPv6
net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses = 1

# Optimization for port usefor LBs
# Increase system file descriptor limit
fs.file-max = 65535

# Allow for more PIDs (to reduce rollover problems); may break some programs 32768
kernel.pid_max = 65536

# Increase system IP port limits
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000

# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608

# Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
# Tcp Windows etc
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1


See also:

* Linux Tuning The VM (memory) Subsystem
* Linux Tune Network Stack (Buffers Size) To Increase Networking Performance

#4: Remove All Unwanted Nginx Modules

You need to minimizes the number of modules that are compiled directly into the nginx binary. This minimizes risk by limiting the capabilities allowed by the webserver. You can configure and install nginx using only required modules. For example, disable SSI and autoindex module you can type:
# ./configure --without-http_autoindex_module --without-http_ssi_module
# make
# make install
Type the following command to see which modules can be turn on or off while compiling nginx server:
# ./configure --help | less
Disable nginx modules that you don't need.
(Optional) Change Nginx Version Header

Edit src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c, enter:
# vi +48 src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c
Find line


static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: nginx" CRLF;
static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: " NGINX_VER CRLF;


Change them as follows:


static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF;
static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF;


Save and close the file. Now, you can compile the server. Add the following in nginx.conf to turn off nginx version number displayed on all auto generated error pages:

server_tokens off

#5: Use mod_security (only for backend Apache servers)

mod_security provides an application level firewall for Apache. Install mod_security for all backend Apache web servers. This will stop many injection attacks.
#6: Install SELinux Policy To Harden The Nginx Webserver

By default SELinux will not protect the nginx web server. However, you can install and compile protection as follows. First, install required SELinux compile time support:
# yum -y install selinux-policy-targeted selinux-policy-devel
Download targeted SELinux policies to harden the nginx webserver on Linux servers from the project home page:
# cd /opt
# wget 'http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/selinuxnginx/se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz?use_mirror=nchc'
Untar the same:
# tar -zxvf se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz
Compile the same
# cd se-ngix_1_0_10/nginx
# make
Sample outputs:

Compiling targeted nginx module
/usr/bin/checkmodule: loading policy configuration from tmp/nginx.tmp
/usr/bin/checkmodule: policy configuration loaded
/usr/bin/checkmodule: writing binary representation (version 6) to tmp/nginx.mod
Creating targeted nginx.pp policy package
rm tmp/nginx.mod.fc tmp/nginx.mod

Install the resulting nginx.pp SELinux module:
# /usr/sbin/semodule -i nginx.pp
#7: Restrictive Iptables Based Firewall

The following firewall script blocks everything and only allows:

* Incoming HTTP (TCP port 80) requests
* Incoming ICMP ping requests
* Outgoing ntp (port 123) requests
* Outgoing smtp (TCP port 25) requests

#!/bin/bash
IPT="/sbin/iptables"

#### IPS ######
# Get server public ip
SERVER_IP=$(ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr:' | awk -F'inet addr:' '{ print $2}' | awk '{ print $1}')
LB1_IP="204.54.1.1"
LB2_IP="204.54.1.2"

# Do some smart logic so that we can use damm script on LB2 too
OTHER_LB=""
SERVER_IP=""
[[ "$SERVER_IP" == "$LB1_IP" ]] && OTHER_LB="$LB2_IP" || OTHER_LB="$LB1_IP"
[[ "$OTHER_LB" == "$LB2_IP" ]] && OPP_LB="$LB1_IP" || OPP_LB="$LB2_IP"

### IPs ###
PUB_SSH_ONLY="122.xx.yy.zz/29"

#### FILES #####
BLOCKED_IP_TDB=/root/.fw/blocked.ip.txt
SPOOFIP="127.0.0.0/8 192.168.0.0/16 172.16.0.0/12 10.0.0.0/8 169.254.0.0/16 0.0.0.0/8 240.0.0.0/4 255.255.255.255/32 168.254.0.0/16 224.0.0.0/4 240.0.0.0/5 248.0.0.0/5 192.0.2.0/24"
BADIPS=$( [[ -f ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB} ]] && egrep -v "^#|^$" ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB})

### Interfaces ###
PUB_IF="eth0" # public interface
LO_IF="lo" # loopback
VPN_IF="eth1" # vpn / private net

### start firewall ###
echo "Setting LB1 $(hostname) Firewall..."

# DROP and close everything
$IPT -P INPUT DROP
$IPT -P OUTPUT DROP
$IPT -P FORWARD DROP

# Unlimited lo access
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT

# Unlimited vpn / pnet access
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT

# Drop sync
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP

# Drop Fragments
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -f -j DROP

$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN,URG,PSH -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP

# Drop NULL packets
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " NULL Packets "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP

$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP

# Drop XMAS
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " XMAS Packets "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j DROP

# Drop FIN packet scans
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " Fin Packets Scan "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -j DROP

$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN,RST,ACK,FIN,URG -j DROP

# Log and get rid of broadcast / multicast and invalid
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j LOG --log-prefix " Broadcast "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j DROP

$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j LOG --log-prefix " Multicast "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j DROP

$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j LOG --log-prefix " Invalid "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j DROP

# Log and block spoofed ips
$IPT -N spooflist
for ipblock in $SPOOFIP
do
$IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j LOG --log-prefix " SPOOF List Block "
$IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j DROP
done
$IPT -I INPUT -j spooflist
$IPT -I OUTPUT -j spooflist
$IPT -I FORWARD -j spooflist

# Allow ssh only from selected public ips
for ip in ${PUB_SSH_ONLY}
do
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -s ${ip} -p tcp -d ${SERVER_IP} --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -d ${ip} -p tcp -s ${SERVER_IP} --sport 22 -j ACCEPT
done

# allow incoming ICMP ping pong stuff
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -s 0/0 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -m limit --limit 30/sec -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -d 0/0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# allow incoming HTTP port 80
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 1024:65535 --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 80 -d 0/0 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# allow outgoing ntp
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p udp --sport 123 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# allow outgoing smtp
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --dport 25 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 25 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

### add your other rules here ####

#######################
# drop and log everything else
$IPT -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " DEFAULT DROP "
$IPT -A INPUT -j DROP

exit 0

#8: Controlling Buffer Overflow Attacks

Edit nginx.conf and set the buffer size limitations for all clients.
# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
Edit and set the buffer size limitations for all clients as follows:


## Start: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ##
client_body_buffer_size 1K;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
client_max_body_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 2 1k;
## END: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ##


Where,

1. client_body_buffer_size 1k - (default is 8k or 16k) The directive specifies the client request body buffer size.
2. client_header_buffer_size 1k - Directive sets the headerbuffer size for the request header from client. For the overwhelming majority of requests a buffer size of 1K is sufficient. Increase this if you have a custom header or a large cookie sent from the client (e.g., wap client).
3. client_max_body_size 1k- Directive assigns the maximum accepted body size of client request, indicated by the line Content-Length in the header of request. If size is greater the given one, then the client gets the error "Request Entity Too Large" (413). Increase this when you are getting file uploads via the POST method.
4. large_client_header_buffers 2 1k - Directive assigns the maximum number and size of buffers for large headers to read from client request. By default the size of one buffer is equal to the size of page, depending on platform this either 4K or 8K, if at the end of working request connection converts to state keep-alive, then these buffers are freed. 2x1k will accept 2kB data URI. This will also help combat bad bots and DoS attacks.

You also need to control timeouts to improve server performance and cut clients. Edit it as follows:


## Start: Timeouts ##
client_body_timeout 10;
client_header_timeout 10;
keepalive_timeout 5 5;
send_timeout 10;
## End: Timeouts ##


1. client_body_timeout 10; - Directive sets the read timeout for the request body from client. The timeout is set only if a body is not get in one readstep. If after this time the client send nothing, nginx returns error "Request time out" (408). The default is 60.
2. client_header_timeout 10; - Directive assigns timeout with reading of the title of the request of client. The timeout is set only if a header is not get in one readstep. If after this time the client send nothing, nginx returns error "Request time out" (408).
3. keepalive_timeout 5 5; - The first parameter assigns the timeout for keep-alive connections with the client. The server will close connections after this time. The optional second parameter assigns the time value in the header Keep-Alive: timeout=time of the response. This header can convince some browsers to close the connection, so that the server does not have to. Without this parameter, nginx does not send a Keep-Alive header (though this is not what makes a connection "keep-alive").
4. send_timeout 10; - Directive assigns response timeout to client. Timeout is established not on entire transfer of answer, but only between two operations of reading, if after this time client will take nothing, then nginx is shutting down the connection.

#9: Control Simultaneous Connections

You can use NginxHttpLimitZone module to limit the number of simultaneous connections for the assigned session or as a special case, from one IP address. Edit nginx.conf:


### Directive describes the zone, in which the session states are stored i.e. store in slimits. ###
### 1m can handle 32000 sessions with 32 bytes/session, set to 5m x 32000 session ###
limit_zone slimits $binary_remote_addr 5m;

### Control maximum number of simultaneous connections for one session i.e. ###
### restricts the amount of connections from a single ip address ###
limit_conn slimits 5;


The above will limits remote clients to no more than 5 concurrently "open" connections per remote ip address.
#10: Allow Access To Our Domain Only

If bot is just making random server scan for all domains, just deny it. You must only allow configured virtual domain or reverse proxy requests. You don't want to display request using an IP address:

## Only requests to our Host are allowed i.e. nixcraft.in, images.nixcraft.in and www.nixcraft.in
if ($host !~ ^(nixcraft.in|www.nixcraft.in|images.nixcraft.in)$ ) {
return 444;
}
##

#11: Limit Available Methods

GET and POST are the most common methods on the Internet. Web server methods are defined in RFC 2616. If a web server does not require the implementation of all available methods, they should be disabled. The following will filter and only allow GET, HEAD and POST methods:

## Only allow these request methods ##
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) {
return 444;
}
## Do not accept DELETE, SEARCH and other methods ##

More About HTTP Methods

* The GET method is used to request document such as http://www.cyberciti.biz/index.php.
* The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT return a message-body in the response.
* The POST method may involve anything, like storing or updating data, or ordering a product, or sending E-mail by submitting the form. This is usually processed using the server side scripting such as PHP, PERL, Python and so on. You must use this if you want to upload files and process forms on server.

#12: How Do I Deny Certain User-Agents?

You can easily block user-agents i.e. scanners, bots, and spammers who may be abusing your server.

## Block download agents ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) {
return 403;
}
##

Block robots called msnbot and scrapbot:

## Block some robots ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* msnbot|scrapbot) {
return 403;
}

#12: How Do I Block Referral Spam?

Referer spam is dengerouns. It can harm your SEO ranking via web-logs (if published) as referer field refer to their spammy site. You can block access to referer spammers with these lines.

## Deny certain Referers ###
if ( $http_referer ~* (babes|forsale|girl|jewelry|love|nudit|organic|poker|porn|sex|teen) )
{
# return 404;
return 403;
}
##

#13: How Do I Stop Image Hotlinking?

Image or HTML hotlinking means someone makes a link to your site to one of your images, but displays it on their own site. The end result you will end up paying for bandwidth bills and make the content look like part of the hijacker's site. This is usually done on forums and blogs. I strongly suggest you block and stop image hotlinking at your server level itself.

# Stop deep linking or hot linking
location /images/ {
valid_referers none blocked www.example.com example.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}
}

Example: Rewrite And Display Image

Another example with link to banned image:

valid_referers blocked www.example.com example.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/images/uploads.*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png)$ http://www.examples.com/banned.jpg last
}

See also:

* HowTo: Use nginx map to block image hotlinking. This is useful if you want to block tons of domains.

#14: Directory Restrictions

You can set access control for a specified directory. All web directories should be configured on a case-by-case basis, allowing access only where needed.
Limiting Access By Ip Address

You can limit access to directory by ip address to /docs/ directory:

location /docs/ {
## block one workstation
deny 192.168.1.1;

## allow anyone in 192.168.1.0/24
allow 192.168.1.0/24;

## drop rest of the world
deny all;
}

Password Protect The Directory

First create the password file and add a user called vivek:
# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/
# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd vivek
Edit nginx.conf and protect the required directories as follows:

### Password Protect /personal-images/ and /delta/ directories ###
location ~ /(personal-images/.*|delta/.*) {
auth_basic "Restricted";
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd;
}

Once a password file has been generated, subsequent users can be added with the following command:
# htpasswd -s /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd userName
#15: Nginx SSL Configuration

HTTP is a plain text protocol and it is open to passive monitoring. You should use SSL to to encrypt your content for users.
Create an SSL Certificate

Type the following commands:
# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
# openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024
# openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
# cp server.key server.key.org
# openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key
# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
Edit nginx.conf and update it as follows:

server {
server_name example.com;
listen 443;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate /usr/local/nginx/conf/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /usr/local/nginx/conf/server.key;
access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/ssl.access.log;
error_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/ssl.error.log;
}

Restart the nginx:
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
See also:

* For more information, read the Nginx SSL documentation.

#16: Nginx And PHP Security Tips

PHP is one of the popular server side scripting language. Edit /etc/php.ini as follows:


# Disallow dangerous functions
disable_functions = phpinfo, system, mail, exec

## Try to limit resources ##

# Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_execution_time = 30

# Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
max_input_time = 60

# Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB)
memory_limit = 8M

# Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept.
post_max_size = 8M

# Whether to allow HTTP file uploads.
file_uploads = Off

# Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.
upload_max_filesize = 2M

# Do not expose PHP error messages to external users
display_errors = Off

# Turn on safe mode
safe_mode = On

# Only allow access to executables in isolated directory
safe_mode_exec_dir = php-required-executables-path

# Limit external access to PHP environment
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_

# Restrict PHP information leakage
expose_php = Off

# Log all errors
log_errors = On

# Do not register globals for input data
register_globals = Off

# Minimize allowable PHP post size
post_max_size = 1K

# Ensure PHP redirects appropriately
cgi.force_redirect = 0

# Disallow uploading unless necessary
file_uploads = Off

# Enable SQL safe mode
sql.safe_mode = On

# Avoid Opening remote files
allow_url_fopen = Off


See also:

* PHP Security: Limit Resources Used By Script
* PHP.INI settings: Disable exec, shell_exec, system, popen and Other Functions To Improve Security

#17: Run Nginx In A Chroot Jail (Containers) If Possible

Putting nginx in a chroot jail minimizes the damage done by a potential break-in by isolating the web server to a small section of the filesystem. You can use traditional chroot kind of setup with nginx. If possible use FreeBSD jails, XEN, or OpenVZ virtualization which uses the concept of containers.
#18: Limits Connections Per IP At The Firewall Level

A webserver must keep an eye on connections and limit connections per second. This is serving 101. Both pf and iptables can throttle end users before accessing your nginx server.
Linux Iptables: Throttle Nginx Connections Per Second

The following example will drop incoming connections if IP make more than 15 connection attempts to port 80 within 60 seconds:


/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 15 -j DROP
service iptables save


BSD PF: Throttle Nginx Connections Per Second

Edit your /etc/pf.conf and update it as follows. The following will limits the maximum number of connections per source to 100. 15/5 specifies the number of connections per second or span of seconds i.e. rate limit the number of connections to 15 in a 5 second span. If anyone breaks our rules add them to our abusive_ips table and block them for making any further connections. Finally, flush keyword kills all states created by the matching rule which originate from the host which exceeds these limits.

webserver_ip="202.54.1.1"
table persist
block in quick from
pass in on $ext_if proto tcp to $webserver_ip port www flags S/SA keep state (max-src-conn 100, max-src-conn-rate 15/5, overload flush)

Please adjust all values as per your requirements and traffic (browsers may open multiple connections to your site). See also:

1. Sample PF firewall script.
2. Sample Iptables firewall script.

#19: Configure Operating System to Protect Web Server

Turn on SELinux as described above. Set correct permissions on /nginx document root. The nginx runs as a user named nginx. However, the files in the DocumentRoot (/nginx or /usr/local/nginx/html) should not be owned or writable by that user. To find files with wrong permissions, use:
# find /nginx -user nginx
# find /usr/local/nginx/html -user nginx
Make sure you change file ownership to root or other user. A typical set of permission /usr/local/nginx/html/
# ls -l /usr/local/nginx/html/
Sample outputs:

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 925 Jan 3 00:50 error4xx.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 52 Jan 3 10:00 error5xx.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 134 Jan 3 00:52 index.html

You must delete unwated backup files created by vi or other text editor:
# find /nginx -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'
# find /usr/local/nginx/html/ -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'

Pass -delete option to find command and it will get rid of those files too.
#20: Restrict Outgoing Nginx Connections

The crackers will download file locally on your server using tools such as wget. Use iptables to block outgoing connections from nginx user. The ipt_owner module attempts to match various characteristics of the packet creator, for locally generated packets. It is only valid in the OUTPUT chain. In this example, allow vivek user to connect outside using port 80 (useful for RHN access or to grab CentOS updates via repos):

/sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -m owner --uid-owner vivek -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

Add above rule to your iptables based shell script. Do not allow nginx web server user to connect outside.
Bounce Tip: Watching Your Logs & Auditing

Check the Log files. They will give you some understanding of what attacks is thrown against the server and allow you to check if the necessary level of security is present or not.
# grep "/login.php??" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# grep "...etc/passwd" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# egrep -i "denied|error|warn" /usr/local/nginx/logs/error_log
The auditd service is provided for system auditing. Turn it on to audit service SELinux events, authetication events, file modifications, account modification and so on. As usual disable all services and follow our "Linux Server Hardening" security tips.
Conclusion

Your nginx server is now properly harden and ready to server webpages. However, you should be consulted further resources for your web applications security needs. For example, wordpress or any other third party apps has its own security requirements.
References:

* HowTo: Setup nginx reverse proxy and HA cluser with the help of keepalived.
* nginx wiki - The official nginx wiki.
* OpenBSD specific Nginx installation and security how to.


REFERENCES
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-unix-bsd-nginx-webserver-security.html

I already wrote about how to move or migrate user accounts from old Linux / UNIX server to a new server including mails and home directories. However, in reality you also need to move MySQL database which may host your blog, forum or just your data stored in MySQL database. The mysqldump command will only export the data and the table structure but it will not include a users grants and privileges. The main function of the MySQL privilege system (which is stored in mysql.user table) is to authenticate a user who connects from a given host and to associate that user with privileges on a database such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Our Sample Setup

+-----+
| db1 | -------------------------> -+
+-----+ |
old mysql server |
(192.168.1.8) |
+-----+ | ///////////////////////////////
| db2 | -------------------------> -+------> // Internet (ISP router //
+-----+ | // with port 80 forwarding) //
new mysql server | ///////////////////////////////
(192.168.1.10) |
+-----+ |
| www1| -------------------------> -+
+-----+
Apache web server
(192.168.1.5)

You need to move db1 server database called blogdb and its users to db2 server.
Install MySQL On DB2

Use the apt-get or yum command to install mysql on DB2 server:
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
$ sudo service mysql start
# set root password for new installation
$ mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD
OR
$ sudo yum install mysql-server mysql
$ sudo chkconfig mysql on
$ sudo service mysql start
# set root password for new installation
$ mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD
Make sure OpenSSH server is also installed on DB2.
Get Current MySQL, Usernames, Hostname, And Database Names

Type the following command at shell prompt to list username and hostname list, enter:

mysql -u root -B -N -p -e "SELECT user, host FROM user" mysql

Sample outputs:

vivek 192.168.1.5
tom 192.168.1.5
blog 192.168.1.7
root localhost
db1.vm.nixcraft.net.in
root db1.vm.nixcraft.net.in

The first column is mysql username and second one is network host names. Now, type the following command to get exact details about grants and password for each user from above list:

mysql -u root -p -B -N -e"SHOW GRANTS FOR 'userName'@hostName"
mysql -u root -p -B -N -e"SHOW GRANTS FOR 'vivek'@192.168.1.5"

Sample outputs:

GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'vivek'@'192.168.1.5' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD 'somePasswordMd5'
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `blogdb`.* TO 'vivek'@'192.168.1.5'

Where,

* vivek - MySQL login username
* 192.168.1.5 - Another server or workstation to access this mysql server
* somePasswordMd5 - Password stored in mysql database which is not in a clear text format
* blogdb - Your database name

Now, you've all info and you can move database and users to a new server called db2 as follows using the combination of OpenSSH ssh client and mysql clients as follows:

ssh user@db2 mysql -u root -p'password' -e "create database IF NOT EXISTS blogdb;"
ssh user@db2 mysql -u root -p'password' -e "GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'vivek'@'192.168.1.5' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD 'somePasswordMd5';"
ssh user@db2 mysql -u root -p'password' -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `blogdb`.* TO 'vivek'@'192.168.1.5';"
mysqldump -u root -p'password' -h 'localhost' blogdb | ssh user@db2 mysql -u root -p'password' blogdb

You can test it as follows from Apache web server:
$ mysql -u vivek -h 192.168.1.10 -p blogdb -e 'show tables;'
A Note About Web Applications

Finally, you need to make changes to your application to point out to new a database server called DB2. For example, change the following from:


$DB_SERVER = "db1.vm.nixcraft.net.in";
$DB_USER = "vivek";
$DB_PASS = "your-password";
$DB_NAME = "blogdb";


To:


$DB_SERVER = "db2.vm.nixcraft.net.in";
$DB_USER = "vivek";
$DB_PASS = "your-password";
$DB_NAME = "blogdb";


A Sample Shell Script To Migrate Database

#!/bin/bash
# Copyright (c) 2005 nixCraft project 
# This script is licensed under GNU GPL version 2.0 or above
# Author Vivek Gite 
# ------------------------------------------------------------
# SETME First - local mysql user/pass
_lusr="root"
_lpass="MySQLPassword"
_lhost="localhost"
 
# SETME First - remote mysql user/pass
_rusr="root"
_rpass="mySQLPassword"
_rhost="localhost"
 
# SETME First - remote mysql ssh info
# Make sure ssh keys are set
_rsshusr="vivek"
_rsshhost="db2.vm.nixcraft.net.in"
 
# sql file to hold grants and db info locally
_tmp="/tmp/output.mysql.$$.sql"
 
#### No editing below #####
 
# Input data
_db="$1"
_user="$2"
 
# Die if no input given
[ $# -eq 0 ] && { echo "Usage: $0 MySQLDatabaseName MySQLUserName"; exit 1; }
 
# Make sure you can connect to local db server
mysqladmin -u "$_lusr" -p"$_lpass" -h "$_lhost"  ping &>/dev/null || { echo "Error: Mysql server is not online or set correct values for _lusr, _lpass, and _lhost"; exit 2; }
 
# Make sure database exists
mysql -u "$_lusr" -p"$_lpass" -h "$_lhost" -N -B  -e'show databases;' | grep -q "^${_db}$" ||  { echo "Error: Database $_db not found."; exit 3; }
 
##### Step 1: Okay build .sql file with db and users, password info ####
echo "*** Getting info about $_db..."
echo "create database IF NOT EXISTS $_db; " > "$_tmp"
 
# Build mysql query to grab all privs and user@host combo for given db_username
mysql -u "$_lusr" -p"$_lpass" -h "$_lhost" -B -N \
-e "SELECT DISTINCT CONCAT('SHOW GRANTS FOR ''',user,'''@''',host,''';') AS query FROM user" \
mysql \
| mysql  -u "$_lusr" -p"$_lpass" -h "$_lhost" \
| grep  "$_user" \
|  sed 's/Grants for .*/#### &/' >> "$_tmp"
 
##### Step 2: send .sql file to remote server ####
echo "*** Creating $_db on ${rsshhost}..."
scp "$_tmp" ${_rsshusr}@${_rsshhost}:/tmp/
 
#### Step 3: Create db and load users into remote db server ####
ssh ${_rsshusr}@${_rsshhost} mysql -u "$_rusr" -p"$_rpass" -h "$_rhost" < "$_tmp"
 
#### Step 4: Send mysql database and all data ####
echo "*** Exporting $_db from $HOSTNAME to ${_rsshhost}..."
mysqldump -u "$_lusr" -p"$_lpass" -h "$_lhost" "$_db" | ssh ${_rsshusr}@${_rsshhost} mysql -u  -u "$_rusr" -p"$_rpass" -h "$_rhost" "$_db"
 
rm -f "$_tmp"
 

How Do I Use This Script? Download the above script and edit it to set the following as per your setup: # SETME First - local mysql DB1 admin user/password _lusr="root" _lpass="MySQLPassword" _lhost="localhost" # SETME First - remote mysql DB2 admin user/password _rusr="root" _rpass="mySQLPassword" _rhost="localhost" # Remote SSH Server (DB2 SSH Server) # Make sure ssh keys are set _rsshusr="vivek" _rsshhost="db2.vm.nixcraft.net.in" In this example, migrate a database called wiki with wikiuser username: $ ./script.sh wiki wikiuser Server moved - 14/July/2010 Dear User, In the last two days nixcraft moved to the new server (details about our older setup are here). No data is lost and most of the stuff is back as usual. The new server is much more stable. However, required libraries for RSS feed and PDF file generation code are not installed. I will fixed it ASAP. If any one see any other errors or 404 errors, please send me an email at vivek@nixcraft.com. Please ignore rss feed which is currently showing all old entires in your feed. My apologies for the temporary inconvenience and flooding your rss feed and inbox. The IPv6 AAAA entries will be published later on this weekend. REFERENCES http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/move-mysql-users-privileges-grants-from-one-host-to-new-host.html

Core dumps are often used to diagnose or debug errors in Linux or UNIX programs. Core dumps can serve as useful debugging aids for sys admins to find out why Application like Lighttpd, Apache, PHP-CGI or any other program crashed. Many vendors and open source project author requests a core file to troubleshoot a program. A core file is generated when an application program abnormally terminates due to bug, operating system security protection schema, or program simply try to write beyond the area of memory it has allocated, and so on. This article explains how to turn on core file support and track down bugs in programs.

Turn On Core File Creation Support

By default most Linux distributions turn off core file creation (at least this is true for RHEL, CentOS, Fedora and Suse Linux). You need to use the ulimit command to configure core files.

See The Current Core File Limits

Type the following command:
# ulimit -c
Sample outputs:

0

The output 0 (zero) means core file is not created.

Change Core File Limits

In this example, set the size limit of core files to 75000 bytes:
# ulimit -c 75000

HowTo: Enable Core File Dumps For Application Crashes And Segmentation Faults

Edit /etc/profile file and find line that read as follows to make persistent configuration:

ulimit -S -c 0 > /dev/null 2>&1

Update it as follows:

ulimit -c unlimited >/dev/null 2>&1

Save and close the file. Edit /etc/sysctl.conf, enter:
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
Append the following lines:

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.core_pattern = /tmp/core-%e-%s-%u-%g-%p-%t
fs.suid_dumpable = 2

Save and close the file. Where,

1. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 - Appends the coring processes PID to the core file name.
2. fs.suid_dumpable = 2 - Make sure you get core dumps for setuid programs.
3. kernel.core_pattern = /tmp/core-%e-%s-%u-%g-%p-%t - When the application terminates abnormally, a core file should appear in the /tmp. The kernel.core_pattern sysctl controls exact location of core file. You can define the core file name with the following template whih can contain % specifiers which are substituted by the following values when a core file is created:
   • %% - A single % character
   • %p - PID of dumped process
   • %u - real UID of dumped process
   • %g - real GID of dumped process
   • %s - number of signal causing dump
   • %t - time of dump (seconds since 0:00h, 1 Jan 1970)
   • %h - hostname (same as ’nodename’ returned by uname(2))
   • %e - executable filename

Finally, enable debugging for all apps, enter (Redhat and friends specific):
# echo "DAEMON_COREFILE_LIMIT='unlimited'" >> /etc/sysconfig/init
Reload the settings in /etc/sysctl.conf by running the following command:
# sysctl -p

How Do I Enable Core Dumping For Specific Deamon?

To enable core dumping for specific deamons, add the following line in the /etc/sysconfig/daemon-file file. In this example, edit /etc/init.d/lighttped and add line as follows:

DAEMON_COREFILE_LIMIT='unlimited'

Please note that DAEMON_COREFILE_LIMIT is Redhat specific, for all other distro add configuration as follows:

ulimit -c unlimited >/dev/null 2>&1
echo /tmp/core-%e-%s-%u-%g-%p-%t > /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern

Save and close the file. Restart / reload lighttpd:
# /etc/init.d/lighttpd restart
# su - lighttpd
$ ulimit -c
Sample outputs:

unlimited

Now, you can send core files to vendor or software writes.

How Do I Read Core Files?

You need use the gdb command as follows:
$ gdb /path/to/application /path/to/corefile
See the gdb command man page for more information.

strace command

System administrators, diagnosticians and trouble-shooters will find it invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the source is not readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order to trace them. This is also useful to submit bug reports to open source developers. See how to use the strace command under Linux to debug the problems.

Recommended readings:

• Debugging Tip: Trace the Process and See What It is Doing with strace
• The Art of Debugging with GDB, DDD, and Eclipse
• man pages core(5), strace, and bash

Stay tunned for gdb tutorial which will explains how to use generated core file to track down problem.

REFERENCES
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-core-dumps.html